50 种常见的认知偏差中文版
<section id="nice" style="line-height: 1.6; word-break: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word; font-family: Optima-Regular, Optima, PingFangSC-light, PingFangTC-light, "PingFang SC", Cambria, Cochin, Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif; padding: 5px; font-size: 16px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53); word-spacing: 0.8px; letter-spacing: 0.8px; border-radius: 16px;"><h2 style="font-weight: bold; color: black; font-size: 22px; margin-top: 20px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="display: none;"></span><span style="font-size: 18px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); display: inline-block; padding-left: 10px; border-left: 5px solid rgb(248, 57, 41);">50 种常见的认知偏差中文版</span></h2>
<ol style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 25px; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">
<li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">基本归因错误</span>：我们根据他人的个性或基本特征来判断他人，但我们根据情况来判断自己。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">自私偏见</span>：我们的失败是因情况而定的，但我们的成功是我们的责任。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">群体内偏爱</span>：我们偏爱群体内的人，而不是群体外的人。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">跟风效应</span>：想法、时尚和信念随着越来越多的人采用而不断增长。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">群体迷思</span>：由于渴望团队一致与和谐，我们会做出非理性的决定，通常是为了尽量减少冲突。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">光环效应</span>：如果你认为一个人具有积极的特质，那么这种积极的印象就会蔓延到他们的其他特质中。（这也适用于负面特征。）</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">道德运气</span>：积极的结果会带来更好的道德地位；由于负面结果，道德地位会变得更差。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">虚假共识</span>：我们相信同意我们观点的人比实际情况多。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">知识的诅咒</span>：一旦我们知道某件事，我们就假设其他人也知道它。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">聚光灯效应</span>：我们高估了人们对我们的行为和外表的关注程度。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">可用性启发式</span>：我们依靠在做出判断时立即想到的例子。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">防御性归因</span>：作为一个暗自担心自己容易遭受严重事故的目击者，如果我们与受害者有联系，我们就会减少对受害者的责备。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">公正世界假说</span>：我们倾向于相信世界是公正的；因此，我们认为不公正行为是应得的。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">朴素现实主义</span>：我们相信我们观察到的是客观现实，而其他人是非理性的、无知的或有偏见的。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">天真的犬儒主义</span>：我们相信我们观察到了客观现实，并且其他人的自我中心偏见比他们实际的意图/行为更高。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">福勒效应（又名巴纳姆效应）</span>：我们很容易将我们的个性归因于模糊的陈述，即使它们可以适用于广泛的人。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">邓宁-克鲁格效应</span>：你知道的越少，你就越自信。你知道的越多，你就越不自信。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">锚定</span>：我们在做出决策时严重依赖引入的第一条信息。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">自动化偏见</span>：我们依赖自动化系统，有时过于相信自动纠正实际正确的决策。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">谷歌效应（又名数字失忆症）</span>：我们往往会忘记在搜索引擎中轻松查找的信息。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">反应</span>：我们的做法与别人告诉我们的相反，尤其是当我们意识到个人自由受到威胁时。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">确认偏差</span>：我们倾向于寻找并记住能够证实我们看法的信息。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">适得其反效应</span>：反驳证据有时会产生不必要的效果，从而证实我们的信念。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">第三人称效应</span>：我们相信其他人比我们自己更容易受到大众媒体消费的影响。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">信念偏差</span>：我们判断一个论点的强度，不是看它对结论的支持程度，而是看这个结论在我们心目中的合理程度。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">可用性级联</span>：与我们对社会接受的需求相关，集体信仰通过公开重复获得更多可信度。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">衰落主义</span>：我们倾向于将过去浪漫化，并对未来持消极态度，认为社会/机构总体上正在衰落。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">现状偏见</span>：我们倾向于希望事情保持不变；相对于基线的变化被视为损失。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">沉没成本谬误（又名承诺升级）</span>：即使我们面临负面结果，我们也会在那些让我们付出代价的事情上投入更多，而不是改变我们的投资。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">赌徒谬误</span>：我们认为未来的可能性受到过去事件的影响。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">零风险偏差</span>：我们更愿意将小风险降低到零，即使我们可以通过另一种选择整体降低更多风险。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">框架效应</span>：我们经常从相同的信息中得出不同的结论，具体取决于它的呈现方式。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">刻板印象</span>：我们普遍相信一个群体的成员将具有某些特征，尽管没有关于个人的信息。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">外群体同质性偏见</span>：我们认为外群体成员是同质的，而我们自己的内群体成员则更加多样化。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">权威偏见</span>：我们信任权威人物的观点，也更容易受到其影响。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">安慰剂效应</span>：如果我们相信某种治疗有效，它通常会产生很小的生理效应。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">幸存者偏差</span>：我们倾向于关注那些在过程中幸存下来的事情，而忽视那些失败的事情。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">精神过速</span>：我们对时间的感知取决于创伤、吸毒和体力消耗。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">琐碎法则（又名“自行车脱落”）</span>：我们对琐碎问题给予不成比例的重视，同时往往避免更复杂的问题。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">蔡加尼克效应</span>：我们对未完成的任务的记忆多于已完成的任务。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">宜家效应</span>：我们对自己部分创造的事物给予更高的价值。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">本·富兰克林效应</span>：我们喜欢帮忙；如果我们已经帮过某人一个忙，那么我们更有可能再帮别人一个忙，而不是接受_过_那个人的帮忙。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">旁观者效应</span>：周围的人越多，我们帮助受害者的可能性就越小。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">暗示性</span>：我们，尤其是孩子，有时会将提问者提出的想法误认为是记忆。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">错误记忆</span>：我们将想象误认为是真实记忆。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">密码记忆症</span>：我们将真实的记忆误认为是想象。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">聚类错觉</span>：我们在随机数据中发现模式和“聚类”。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">悲观偏见</span>：我们有时会高估不良结果的可能性。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">乐观偏见</span>：我们有时对好的结果过于乐观。</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">盲点偏见</span>：我们不认为自己有偏见，而且我们更多地看到别人而不是我们自己。</section></li></ol>
<h2 style="font-weight: bold; color: black; font-size: 22px; margin-top: 20px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="display: none;"></span><span style="font-size: 18px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); display: inline-block; padding-left: 10px; border-left: 5px solid rgb(248, 57, 41);">50 种常见的认知偏差英文原版</span></h2>
<ol style="margin-top: 8px; margin-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 25px; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">
<li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Fundamental Attribution Error</span>: We judge others on their personality or fundamental character, but we judge ourselves on the situation.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Self-Serving Bias</span>: Our failures are situational, but our successes are our responsibility.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">In-Group Favoritism</span>: We favor people who are in our in-group as opposed to an out-group.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);">**Bandwagon Effect: **Ideas, fads, and beliefs grow as more people adopt them.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Groupthink</span>: Due to a desire for conformity and harmony in the group, we make irrational decisions, often to minimize conflict.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Halo Effect</span>: If you see a person as having a positive trait, that positive impression will spill over into their other traits. (This also works for negative traits.)</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Moral Luck</span>: Better moral standing happens due to a positive outcome; worse moral standing happens due to a negative outcome.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">False Consensus</span>: We believe more people agree with us than is actually the case.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Curse of Knowledge</span>: Once we know something, we assume everyone else knows it, too.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Spotlight Effect</span>: We overestimate how much people are paying attention to our behavior and appearance.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Availability Heuristic</span>: We rely on immediate examples that come to mind while making judgments.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Defensive Attribution</span>: As a witness who secretly fears being vulnerable to a serious mishap, we will blame the victim less if we relate to the victim.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Just-World Hypothesis</span>: We tend to believe the world is just; therefore, we assume acts of injustice are deserved.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Naïve Realism</span>: We believe that we observe objective reality and that other people are irrational, uninformed, or biased.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Naïve Cynicism</span>: We believe that we observe objective reality and that other people have a higher egocentric bias than they actually do in their intentions/actions.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Forer Effect (aka Barnum Effect)</span>: We easily attribute our personalities to vague statements, even if they can apply to a wide range of people.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Dunning-Kruger Effect</span>: The less you know, the more confident you are. The more you know, the less confident you are.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Anchoring</span>: We rely heavily on the first piece of information introduced when making decisions.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Automation Bias</span>: We rely on automated systems, sometimes trusting too much in the automated correction of actually correct decisions.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);">**Google Effect (aka Digital Amnesia): **We tend to forget information that’s easily looked up in search engines.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Reactance</span>: We do the opposite of what we’re told, especially when we perceive threats to personal freedoms.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Confirmation Bias</span>: We tend to find and remember information that confirms our perceptions.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Backfire Effect</span>: Disproving evidence sometimes has the unwarranted effect of confirming our beliefs.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Third-Person Effect</span>: We believe that others are more affected by mass media consumption than we ourselves are.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Belief Bias</span>: We judge an argument’s strength not by how strongly it supports the conclusion but how plausible the conclusion is in our own minds.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);">**Availability Cascade: **Tied to our need for social acceptance, collective beliefs gain more plausibility through public repetition.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Declinism</span>: We tent to romanticize the past and view the future negatively, believing that societies/institutions are by and large in decline.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Status Quo Bias</span>: We tend to prefer things to stay the same; changes from the baseline are considered to be a loss.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Sunk Cost Fallacy (aka Escalation of Commitment)</span>: We invest more in things that have cost us something rather than altering our investments, even if we face negative outcomes.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Gambler’s Fallacy</span>: We think future possibilities are affected by past events.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Zero-Risk Bias</span>: We prefer to reduce small risks to zero, even if we can reduce more risk overall with another option.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);">**Framing Effect: **We often draw different conclusions from the same information depending on how it’s presented.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Stereotyping</span>: We adopt generalized beliefs that members of a group will have certain characteristics, despite not having information about the individual.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Outgroup Homogeneity Bias</span>: We perceive out-group members as homogeneous and our own in-groups as more diverse.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Authority Bias</span>: We trust and are more often influenced by the opinions of authority figures.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Placebo Effect</span>: If we believe a treatment will work, it often will have a small physiological effect.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Survivorship Bias</span>: We tend to focus on those things that survived a process and overlook ones that failed.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Tachypsychia</span>: Our perceptions of time shift depending on trauma, drug use, and physical exertion.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Law of Triviality (aka “Bike-Shedding”)</span>: We give disproportionate weight to trivial issues, often while avoiding more complex issues.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Zeigarnik Effect</span>: We remember incomplete tasks more than completed ones.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">IKEA Effect</span>: We place higher value on things we partially created ourselves.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Ben Franklin Effect</span>: We like doing favors; we are more likely to do another favor for someone if we’ve already done a favor for them than if we had <em style="color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">received</em> a favor from that person.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Bystander Effect</span>: The more other people are around, the less likely we are to help a victim.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Suggestibility</span>: We, especially children, sometimes mistake ideas suggested by a questioner for memories.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">False Memory</span>: We mistake imagination for real memories.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Cryptomnesia</span>: We mistake real memories for imagination.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Clustering Illusion</span>: We find patterns and “clusters” in random data.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Pessimism Bias</span>: We sometimes overestimate the likelihood of bad outcomes.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Optimism Bias</span>: We sometimes are over-optimistic about good outcomes.</section></li><li><section style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; line-height: 26px; color: rgb(53, 53, 53);"><span style="font-weight: 700; color: rgb(248, 57, 41);">Blind Spot Bias</span>: We don’t think we have bias, and we see it others more than ourselves.</section></li></ol></section>
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